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  • Tiny Bubbles, Big Results: Nanobubble Technology: An interview with Dr. Zhang by Jolene Hansen.

    See details:https://www.ceagworld.com/greenhouse-produce/tiny-bubbles-big-results-nanobubble-technology/

    Tiny Bubbles, Big Results: Nanobubble Technology: An interview with Dr. Zhang by  Jolene Hansen. Jolene Hansen is an award-winning freelance writer and editor who has covered the horticulture, specialty ag and CEA industries for more than a decade. Reach her at [email protected]See all author stories here.

    Any time new technology comes into play in controlled environment agriculture (CEA), growers tend to balance optimism with skepticism. It’s an industry where the adage “seeing is believing” often applies. That attitude puts nanobubble technology at a distinct disadvantage.

    Typically defined as measuring between 70 and 120 nanometers in diameter, nanobubbles can’t be seen with the naked eye. With one nanometer (nm) equal to just one billionth of a meter, nanobubbles are 2,500 times smaller than a grain of salt. But the visible results experienced by nanobubble researchers and CEA growers put these tiny workhorses in the limelight.

    Due to their size, nanobubbles have qualities that regular bubbles can’t match. | Photo: Moleaer

    Nanobubbles in CEA

    Nanobubbles occur in nature, but technology has enabled nanobubble suppliers to recreate or even improve on nature’s work. Nanobubbles have made headlines in non-agricultural realms ranging from biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and cancer diagnostics, to environmental applications, including toxic algae bloom mitigation and wastewater treatment. But for CEA, and agriculture in general, the technology is still relatively new.

    The CEA application at the forefront involves treating irrigation water with nano-size bubbles containing air or specific gases, such as oxygen, ozone or nitrogen. Both the gas involved and the bubble size vary, depending on the application and the nanobubble technology involved. For example, generators from U.S.-based nanobubble supplier Moleaer, who has more than 3,500 installations in 55 countries in a variety of industries, produce nanobubbles roughly 100 nm in size.

    Professor and environmental engineer Wen Zhang, Ph.D., is director of New Jersey Institute of Technology’s Sustainable Environmental Nanotechnology and Nanointerfaces Laboratory. Dr. Zhang has conducted extensive nanobubble research, including CEA applications. He also holds the patent on an award-winning nanobubble generator brought to market through PureNanoTech, Inc. (PNT).

    Dr. Zhang explained that, by virtue of their size, nanobubbles have qualities that regular bubbles can’t match. For example, rather than quickly rising to the surface and popping, nanobubbles remain suspended in water and stay in constant motion for as long as they persist.

    Depending on the gas contained in the bubbles, nanobubbles can deliver the following benefits:

    • significantly enhanced germination rates 
    • stable, increased dissolved oxygen levels 
    • improved nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency 
    • improved irrigation efficiency and water management 
    • increased beneficial microbial activity  
    • increased resilience to stress and disease 
    • reduced biofilm and pathogen pressure 
    • dramatically improved yields, and much more.

    Justin Leavitt, Business De velopment Manager for Moleaer, shared that it’s often difficult for growers to grasp the breadth of the impact nanobubbles in irrigation water can make.

    “Anytime you change your water, you change everything that that water touches,” said Leavitt, a hands-on grower himself, who has worked in horticulture for more than 15 years. “Very rarely do we get the opportunity to make a change that creates such a domino effect, that touches so many other inputs and parts of your business.”

    As Leavitt noted, with so many aspects of cultivation impacted by any major change in water and water treatment, growers have a lot of checks to go through to understand how a technology like nanobubbles fits in their operation. Making use of the expertise of nanobubble researchers and industry leaders can help.

    Side-by-side comparison of leafy greens grown without (L) and with (R) nanobubble technology. | Photo: Moleaer

    Solving Grower Pain Points with Nanobubble Tech

    In working with CEA growers, Leavitt shared that he stresses the “three p’s” — pathogens, production and profitability. As he points out, with food safety a priority, the tools CEA growers have to fight pathogens are limited compared to the chemical fungicides used in other markets. That distinction calls for a different approach, one where nanobubbles can help.  

    “Typically, when growers think about fungicides, they’re applying fungicides to the plant. So if a pathogen goes through the water and interacts with the plant, you hope that your fungicide is working well enough,” Leavitt explained. But with nanobubble technology, you can improve water quality at the source, creating an environment environment hostile to and reducing pressures from pathogens, including Pythium, before the water even touches the plant.

    Production and profitability go hand in hand. For example, oxygenation and providing high amounts of dissolved oxygen through nanobubble treatments can significantly impact yields — while maintaining and/or improving other crop performance parameters and quality overall.

    “Technology has unlocked this new class of science,” Leavitt said, noting that growing today is very different from a decade ago. “We’re able to transfer gas significantly more efficiently than what was possible in the past. So now we have to relook at things.”

    Headshot of Dr. Wen Zhang | Photo: Dr. Wen ZhangIn the past, Leavitt said, growers were happy with results when plants received 8 parts per million (ppm) dissolved oxygen. But technology — and people’s expectations — have changed. What happens when innovation enables you to provide 12, 15, 20 or even 30 ppm dissolved oxygen? “What we’re seeing is increases in yield by supplying higher levels of dissolved oxygen,” he added.

    Dr. Zhang reported that CEA research revealed dramatic results with his nanobubble generation technology, which simply employed ambient air to produce nanobubbles in water for irrigation. In a trial with basil and parsley production at a commercial CEA grower in New Jersey, plants that received irrigation water with air nanobubbles for three weeks before harvest had significantly improved results.

    Compared to the control plants, the dry weight of parsley increased more than 68% with nanobubble-infused water. With basil plants, dry weight increased more than 58%, along with a 34%+ increase in the number of leaves. In other research, Dr. Zhang found that germination rates increased up to 25% with water infused with air nanobubbles. With nitrogen nanobubble infusion, vegetables saw leaf and stem sizes increase up to 50%.

    Exploring Nanobubble Technology and Suppliers

    As results like these become more well known, entries into the nanobubble generation market are growing. Dr. Zhang worries that, because some of this technology is good and some is not, growers can become confused and miss out on the competitive advantages that nanobubbles can bring to their farm.

    Dr. Wen Zhang

    As a result, Dr. Zhang says, it is essential to be able to work with companies that have the research capacity to demonstrate and confirm the claims or value propositions they present to customers regarding plant yields, water quality, and other nanobubble benefits for CEA growers.

    Moleaer and PNT both have sizable in-house R&D resources and work closely with third-party research firms or institutions and growers to explore new applications and validate results. Even with Moleaer as a global leader, both in agriculture and other markets, Leavitt stressed that due diligence in exploring suppliers and trialing nanobubble generators is crucial.

    “Be wary of your nanobubble generator supplier, and treat this like an interview,” Leavitt said. He advised growers to ask companies for third-part validation of the equipment they offer, and ask for validation from customers who have benefited from their specific nanobubble technology. He also adds that nanobubble knowledge isn’t the only thing to consider.

    “Your nanobubble supplier should not just know about nanobubbles. If you’re in horticulture — if you’re in deep water culture lettuce, if you’re growing tomatoes, if you’re growing petunias — your nanobubble generator supplier should know about those industries, “Leavitt said. “Because there’s a product and there’s a technology, and that is one half of the battle. But your nanobubble supplier should know your industry well enough to make sure that you know all the domino effects of how this will change your operation.”

    Leavitt also encouraged growers to not dismiss nanobubbles because your facility is already high tech. He shared how one CEA grower questioned whether his greenhouse — already heavily invested in technologies including oxidizers, an ozone system, and climate control — could benefit from nanobubble generation. But a trial delivered significant yield increases, despite all the agtech already in place.

    “I walk into high-tech greenhouses, and we see great environmental controls; we see excellent lighting. I really think that taking a look and adding oxygen nanobubbles to your water is really that next stone that you need to turn over to continuously increase yield,” Leavitt shared. He added that with advances in technology and transfer efficiency, the barriers of 10 years ago no longer exist.

  • Deciphering the biodegradation mechanism of sulfonamides using combined molecular biology and computational approaches

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123037

    Dr. Zhang’s postdoc, Dr. Jiahui Hu, published a paper in Water Research and elucidating biodegradation mechanisms and predicting pollutant reactivities for advancing the application of biodegradation engineering to address the challenge of thousands of emerging contaminants. Molecular biology and computational chemistry are powerful tools for this purpose, enabling the investigation of biochemical reactions at both the gene and atomic levels. This study employs the biodegradation of ten sulfonamide antibiotics as a case study to demonstrate the integration of genomics and quantum chemistry approaches in exploring the biodegradation behavior of emerging contaminants. The isolated functional strain, Paenarthrobacter sp., could completely degrade all ten model sulfonamides under aerobic conditions. These compounds share a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide core but differ in N1-substituent rings. Despite structural variations, all sulfonamides follow a consistent degradation pathway, yielding aminated heterocycles as end products. This pathway involves key steps such as dehydrogenation activation, ipso-hydroxylation, and the cleavage of S-N and S-C bonds, with the latter being particularly influenced by the N1-substituents. Heterocyclic structures affect biodegradation rates by altering the electronic density at the C3 and N1 atoms of sulfonamides. Substituents with higher electron-donating potential and lower Gibbs free energy barriers for S-C and C-N bond cleavage significantly enhance biodegradation efficiency. This work not only deciphers the universal biodegradation mechanism of sulfonamides but also offers theoretical insights for predicting the biodegradation behavior and pattern of emerging contaminants. These findings contribute to the effective removal of emerging contaminants from aquatic environments, advancing the practical application of biotreatment technologies.

    This study is a collaboration with her former faculty advisors, Xiaoyan Li and Bing Li, at Tsinghua university. The research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (no. 2022YFE0103200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 22176107), Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Bureau (no. SGDX20230821091559021), and the Guangdong Higher Education Institutions Innovative Research Team of Urban Water Cycle and Ecological Safety (no. 2023KCXTD053).

  • Two doctoral students delivered talks at the 12th U.S. symposium on Harmful Algae

    Dr. Wen Zhang’s Team members, Lili Li and Yihan Zhang, attended the 12th U.S. symposium on Harmful Algae in Maine and presented their research. Lili Li, a fourth-year Ph. D. student, delivered an invited presentation titled “A chemical-free magnetophoretic approach for recovering magnetic particles in microalgae removal through magnetic separation”, which is funded by the New Jersey Water Resources Research Institute (Award#: G21AP10595-02). Lili detailed the preparation of functionalized magnetic particles, along with their performance and mechanisms in treating algae-laden water. She also discussed the application of these magnetic particles for recovery and reuse, laying a foundation for coagulant-free algae removal and enabling sustainable separation processes to mitigate harmful algal blooms (HABs).​

    After the conference, the PhD student and other participants enjoyed delicious seafood at Porthole Restaurant & Pub and had a wonderful time visiting Little and Great Diamond Island. Additionally, Prof. Xuezhi Zhang, Lili’s advisor from her home institution, the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, visited NJIT to explore research collaboration with Prof. Wen Zhang’s lab.​

  • Dr. Zhang’s team attended the 13th SNO Conference in Providence, Rhode Island

    On November 8-10, 2024, 3 members of Dr. Wen Zhang’s group attended the 13th Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization (SNO) Conference in Rhode Island. This conference focused on fundamental nanoscale processes related to sustainability and the environment, highlighting the latest advances and future applications of nano-enabled technologies.

    Prof. Wen Zhang was invited to give an oral presentation in the session “Emerging Research in NanoPlastics,” titled Current Approaches and Challenges for Nanoplastics Detection and Characterization. His talk, supported by the New Jersey Water Resources Research Institute (NJWRRI) Grant (Project Number: 2018NJ399B) and the NJDEP-Recycling Enhancement Act Recycling Research Project, addressed the steps and challenges of nanoplastic characterization, with a special focus on the applications and limitations of AFM-based mapping methods.​

    Dr. Jiahui Hu, a postdoctoral research associate, presented in the “Nano Sustainability” session. Her talk, Nanomaterials for Interfacial Heating Membrane Distillation: Advancing Sustainable Desalination, funded by the US Bureau of Reclamation (Award Number: R22AC00433), explored the mechanisms and performance of nanomaterials as self-heating agents for interfacial heating. She discussed strategies to enhance energy efficiency and water flux, along with the challenges posed by nanomaterials and potential solutions.​

  • Dr. Wen Zhang presented a keynote speech at 2024 Nanobubble Conference in Japan

    Dr. Wen Zhang was invited to give a keynote speech at 2024 Nanobubble Conference in Kyoto, Japan on the topic of Nanobubbles and their Environmental and Agricultural Applications.

    This conference garnered over 150 people from over 40 different countries. This conference was held at Uji Campus of Kyoto University.​


    From left to right:

    Professor Kiyoshi Yoshikawa, Jun Hu, Pan Li, Wen Zhang, and Likun Hua

    From left to right:

    Julie Chen, Neelkanth Nirmalkar, Yoshikatsu Ueda and Wen Zhang

    From left to right:

    Shreeja Lopchan Lama, Ty Shitanaka, Dr. Wen Zhang, Dr. Surendra KC, and Kyle Rafael Marcelino.

    From left to right:

    The former and current conference chairs stood together to deliver a toast speech at the banquet.

     From left to right: Dr. Jun Hu (2018 conference chair), Dr. Claus-Deter Ohl (2022 conference chair), Dr. Yoshikatsu Ueda (2024 conference chair) and Dr. Wen Zhang (2026 conference chair).

  • NJIT Research Team Received 2024 ACS Petroleum Research Fund Award

    We are excited to announce that our group reaceived the first grant from the American Chemical Society (ACS) Petroleum Research Fund (PRF) to work on our proposed research of “Oil Droplet Interactions with Nanobubbles: Molecular Orientations at Oil/Gas/Water Interfaces under Electric Fields”. This research aims to open new avenues in the understanding of nanobubbles behaviors in the presence of electric fields, which may advance environmental remediation, enhanced oil recovery, and energy-efficient technologies. 

  • Dr. Zhang’s group published a paper in Water Research on removing algogenic odorous micropollutants using nanobubble-enabled foam fractionation

    第一作者:章逸寒
    通讯作者:张文
    通讯单位:新泽西理工大学
    文章链接: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135424014398?dgcid=author

    成果简介

    近日,新泽西理工大学张文团队博士生章逸寒在Water Research上发表了题为“Nanobubble-enabled foam fractionation to remove algogenic odorous micropollutants”的研究论文。该研究利用空气纳米气泡产生的泡沫分馏技术,搭配两种常见的表面活性剂CTAB和SDS, 实现了从废水中去除和富集两种常见的臭味化合物——1-乙基-4-异丙基环己醇(geosmin)和2-甲基异丁醇(2-MIB)。本研究评估了纳米气泡驱动的发泡过程以及使用泡沫分馏去除水中气味化合物的方法,比较了阳离子表面活性剂(CTAB)和阴离子表面活性剂(SDS)。结果显示,阳离子表面活性剂 CTAB 的发泡能力强于 SDS,表现为泡沫体积更大。低 pH 值、高离子强度和高表面活性剂浓度通常能改善泡沫的稳定性,并且不同程度地提高了对geosmin和 2-MIB 的去除率。在相同表面活性剂浓度下,CTAB 在 60 分钟内对geosmin和 2-MIB 的去除率分别为 85% 和 58%,显著高于 SDS 的去除率(分别为 74% 和 48%)。这归因于 CTAB 具有较长的疏水烷基链,对疏水性气味化合物有更强的吸引力。与微气泡泡沫分离相比,纳米气泡泡沫分离的去除动力学提高了约 5-6 倍。优化后的泡沫分离操作随后应用于额外添加了气味化合物的真实湖水,结果表明去除效果不受湖水基质(如浊度或天然有机物)的影响,凸显了纳米气泡驱动的泡沫分离在污染水体中去除微污染物方面的实际应用价值。实施纳米气泡泡沫分离可以带来显著的环境和健康效益,本研究为将泡沫分离技术应用于现实场景奠定了基础,并将其作为一种补充工艺,整合到现有水处理系统中,以增强对藻类微污染物的去除效果,特别是在有害藻华(HAB)期间。然而,还需要进一步研究以推进该技术的实际应用。例如,评估并减轻泡沫分离后残留表面活性剂(如 CTAB)的存在至关重要。可通过 GAC 吸附或凝聚等附加处理方法来确保饮用水安全并将人体接触降至最低。此外,探索当前使用的发泡剂之外的环保替代品,亦能进一步优化工艺。通过应对这些挑战,我们的研究有助于推动可持续水管理实践的发展。这项研究得到了美国国家海洋和大气管理局 (NOAA) 防治和缓解有害藻华 (PCMHAB) 资助 (NA22NOS4780172)。

    The presented study evaluated the nanobubble-driven foaming processes and the use of the enabled foam fractionation for the removal of odorous compounds from water. To simulate foaming, one cationic and one anionic surfactant (CTAB and SDS) were compared. The cationic surfactant CTAB yielded greater foaming ability as indicated by the higher foam volume compared to SDS. A low pH  and high ionic strength and high surfactant concentrations generally improved the foam stability as described above and also enhanced the removal of geosmin and 2-MIB to different extent. At the same surfactant concentration, CTAB led to the removal rates of geosmin and 2-MIB at 85% and 58%, respectively, within 60 minutes, much greater than those (74% and 48%, respectively) obtained by SDS, because CTAB has longer hydrophobic alkyl chains and elicits a stronger attraction with hydrophobic odor compounds. The removal kinetics for nanobubble-enabled foam fractionation was increased by about 5-6 times compared to that for microbubble-enabled foam fractionation. The optimized foam fractionation operation was subsequently applied to treat real lake water with spiked odorous compounds, which reveals the removal performance was not affected the lake water matrixes such as turbidity or natural organic matter and thus highlight the promising practical values of nanobubble-driven foam fractionation in micropollutant mitigation from impaired water. Implementing nanobubble-enabled foam fractionation can lead to significant environmental and health benefits. This study provides a foundation for promoting the application of foam fractionation in real-world scenarios by integrating it into existing water treatment systems as a complementary process to enhance the removal of algogenic micropollutants, particularly during harmful algal blooms (HABs). However, further research is necessary to advance practical applications. For instance, it is crucial to evaluate and mitigate the presence of residual surfactants, such as CTAB, following foam fractionation. This could be achieved through additional treatments like GAC adsorption or coagulation to ensure drinking water safety and minimize human exposure. Additionally, exploring environmentally friendly alternative foaming agents beyond those currently used could further optimize the process. By addressing these challenges, our research contributes to the advancement of sustainable water management practices. This project was funded by a subaward of the NOAA Prevention, Control and Mitigation of HABs (PCMHAB) award (NA22NOS4780172) to the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Studies (UMCES) through the US HAB Control Technologies Incubator (US HAB-CTI), a partnership between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), UMCES and Mote Marine Laboratory.